Kitab Al Milal Wa Al Nihal Pdf D: A Comprehensive Study of Religious and Philosophical Sects
Kitab Al Milal Wa Al Nihal Pdf D is a digital version of a classic work of Islamic scholarship by Muhammad al-Shahrastani (d. 1153 CE). The title translates as \"The Book of Sects and Creeds\", and it is considered to be the first systematic study of religion in history. In this book, al-Shahrastani examines the beliefs and practices of various religious and philosophical groups that existed up to his time, such as Jews, Christians, Zoroastrians, Sabians, Manicheans, Buddhists, Hindus, and Muslims. He also discusses the origins and development of these sects, their arguments and controversies, and their similarities and differences.
Kitab Al Milal Wa Al Nihal Pdf D is a valuable resource for anyone interested in comparative religion, interfaith dialogue, or Islamic history and theology. It provides a rare insight into the diversity and complexity of religious thought in the medieval world, as well as the intellectual curiosity and tolerance of al-Shahrastani. The book is divided into two volumes, each containing several chapters. The first volume deals with non-Islamic religions, while the second volume focuses on Islamic sects and schools of thought.
Kitab Al Milal Wa Al Nihal Pdf D
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Kitab Al Milal Wa Al Nihal Pdf D is available for free download from various online sources, such as Archive.org[^1^] [^3^] and Scribd[^2^]. The original Arabic text is accompanied by an English translation by William Cureton, which was published in 1846. The translation is somewhat outdated and incomplete, but it still offers a useful introduction to the book. A more recent and comprehensive French translation by Gimaret, Monnot and Jolivet was sponsored by UNESCO and published in 1986 and 1993.
If you are looking for a reliable and accessible guide to the world of religious and philosophical sects, Kitab Al Milal Wa Al Nihal Pdf D is a must-read. It will enrich your knowledge and understanding of various faiths and traditions, as well as challenge you to think critically and respectfully about your own beliefs.
In this section, we will explore some of the main themes and topics that al-Shahrastani covers in his book. We will also highlight some of the most interesting and controversial sects and creeds that he discusses.
The Criteria of Truth and Falsehood
One of the main questions that al-Shahrastani tries to answer in his book is: how can we distinguish between true and false religions? He proposes four criteria that can be used to evaluate the validity and authenticity of any religious claim or doctrine. These are:
The agreement with reason and logic.
The conformity with the natural law and the innate disposition of humans.
The consistency with the previous revelations and scriptures.
The confirmation by miracles and signs.
Al-Shahrastani argues that any religion that meets these four criteria is true, while any religion that fails to meet them is false. He also acknowledges that some religions may partially meet some of these criteria, but not all of them. In such cases, he says that these religions are mixed with truth and falsehood, and that they need to be purified and corrected by the final and perfect religion, which is Islam.
The Classification of Religions
Another question that al-Shahrastani tries to answer in his book is: how can we classify and categorize the various religions and sects that exist in the world? He proposes a general framework that divides all religions into two main categories: monotheistic and dualistic. He then subdivides each category into several subcategories, based on their beliefs and practices. He also identifies some religions that do not fit into either category, such as atheism and polytheism. Here is a summary of his classification:
Monotheistic Religions
Dualistic Religions
Other Religions
Judaism
Zoroastrianism
Atheism
Christianity
Manicheanism
Polytheism
Islam
Buddhism
Sabianism
Hinduism
Al-Shahrastani explains the main beliefs and practices of each religion and sect, as well as their origins and development. He also analyzes their strengths and weaknesses, their points of agreement and disagreement, and their relations with other religions. He tries to be fair and objective in his presentation, but he also expresses his own opinions and criticisms, especially when he finds something irrational or contradictory in their doctrines.
The Diversity of Sects and Creeds
One of the most fascinating aspects of al-Shahrastani's book is the diversity and variety of sects and creeds that he describes. He introduces us to some of the most obscure and exotic religious groups that existed in his time, such as:
The Khurramites: a syncretic sect that combined elements of Zoroastrianism, Islam, Manicheanism, and Buddhism. They believed in reincarnation, free love, communal property, and holy war.
The Qarmatians: a radical sect that split from Ismaili Shiism. They rejected the Quran, the Shariah, the pilgrimage, and the prayer. They also staged a violent revolt against the Abbasid Caliphate, sacked Mecca, and stole the Black Stone from the Kaaba.
The Druze: a secretive sect that emerged from Ismaili Shiism. They believed in the transmigration of souls, the cyclical manifestation of God in human form, and the esoteric interpretation of religious symbols.
The Mu'tazilites: a rationalist school of Islamic theology. They emphasized human free will, divine justice, and the createdness of the Quran. They also supported the use of reason and logic to interpret religious texts.
The Ash'arites: a traditionalist school of Islamic theology. They emphasized divine omnipotence, predestination, and the uncreatedness of the Quran. They also rejected the use of reason and logic to interpret religious texts.
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